As well as this , they influenced Western Civilization through their philosophical thoughts and studies. The word democracy originates from the Greek words demos meaning people, and kratia meaning power or rule (PSU Lesson 12). All three Civilizations were One- or two-storied houses were the norm. Greek architecture is a legacy that the west has inherited, as they established many of the most enduring themes, attitudes and forms of western culture (e.g. Of all the architectural designs utilized by the ancient Greeks throughout history, three major Greek styles have withstood. Temples also indicate that Greek architects (architektones) were perfectly aware of the problems of providing stable foundations able to support large buildings. The latter is illustrative of the Greek desire that such public buildings should not just fulfil their typical function of housing a statue of a Greek deity, and not only should they be admired from close-up or from the inside, but also that they should be admired from afar. 1. Essentially, the Greeks accomplished great feats in these aspects of life, and the Ancient Greek Culture is popularly known as the birthplace of Western civilization. They used the ancient Greek architectural styles like Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Greek architecture stretches from c. 900 B.C.E. able to influence regions far away from their borders through trade, and aspects of their cultures In classical Greek architecture, a stylobate is the top step of a stepped platform upon which colonnades of temple columns are placed. In conclusion, the Ancient Greeks have influenced modern American culture in a multitude of ways. C. if D. how. Colonies in Magna Graecia, as we have seen in Selinus, were something of an exception and often had more regular street plans, no doubt a benefit of constructing a town from scratch. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. You do know your stuff, Brainy Bunny! Western civilization has followed these ideas and has made them their own. The Parthenon is considered the most important surviving building of classical Greece and the zenith of Doric Order architecture. The Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilizations had some differences although they are very close to each other. The history of Western civilization was influenced by the Ancient Greece in more than a few ways, for instance, they inspired various achievements that shaped the early foundation of civilization in the west, and other parts of the world. Copyright 2022 IPL.org All rights reserved. Great article. Art and architecture had a huge impact on the development of Greece. Greece and Rome, two ancient societies, both influenced many aspects of modern life. One of the Greeks best aims to the method of architecture was the Greek Temple. As well as our culture in some ways. HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Note the Ionic columns, dentil molding, and pediment with high relief sculpture. The ruins of the basilica at Pompeii give us a sense of the Greek influence on Roman architecture. This was an open-air and approximately semi-circular arrangement of rising rows of seats (theotron) which provided excellent acoustics. The Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects of Western life including government, architecture . The entablature frieze carried alternating triglyphs and metopes. The national flag of Greece, popularly referred to as the "blue and white one" (Greek: , Galanlefki) or the "sky blue and white" (, Kyanlefki), is officially recognised by Greece as one of its national symbols and has nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white. As in literature, philosophy, math, science, and so many areas, Greek civilization provides the basis of what comes afterward. Philosophy is one of the areas that the ancient Greece succeeded and is renowned for to the present time. Greek Architecture It was known for its massive size and grandeur, with columns that stood over 40 feet tall. Doric columns typically have no bases, with the exception of a few examples dating from the Hellenistic period. The Athenians assured the Greeks in a new age that brought a lot of new innovations in democracy, art, architecture, philosophy, theatre and mostly in society. Its true, there is Greek architecture influence all over the world. A unique trait which all of these aspects of ancient Greek society shared was progression and development. The influence of Ancient Greek architecture is apparent in the use of columns and colonnades. Alfred I agree. Democracy literally means rule by the people (PSU Lesson 12). (with the earliest extant stone architecture dating to the seventh century B.C.E.). https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/, Describe the distinguishing characteristics of Classical Greek Architecture. It includes (in order of importance). Architects used sophisticated geometry and optical tricks to present buildings as perfectly straight and harmonious. Thank you so much.Love you BRAINY BUNNY!!!! Men such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle changed the way we look at philosophy. Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France . On top of this rests the frieze, one of the major areas of sculptural decoration. These elements give ancient Greek architecture its distinctive character. It is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to the patron goddess of Athens, Athena. Amazing, huh? In addition, the Greek concern with simplicity, proportion, perspective, and harmony in their buildings would go on to greatly influence architects in the Hellenistic period and in the Roman world, providing the foundation for the classical architectural orders which would dominate the western world from the Renaissance to the present day. Classical Greek architecture is highly formalized in structure and decoration, and is best known for its temples, many of which are found throughout the region as substantially intact ruins. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. The myths described the gods and goddesses and how they related to one another and to humans. The Corinthian Order became popular among the Romans, who added a number of refinements and decorative details. His ideas is absorbing, spreading and developing along with the conquered by Rome. The ancient civilization, which encompassed the mainland, the Greek islands, and other areas along the Mediterranean from modern-day Slovenia to western Turkey, produced precise and. marked by cultural and economic dominance of those respective cultures. Brainy Bunny (author) from Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania on May 08, 2017: Maurice, there is a lot of symbolism behind the government's choice of architecture. In conclusion then, we may say that ancient Greek architecture has provided not only many of the staple features of modern western architecture, but it has also given the world truly magnificent buildings which have literally stood the test of time and continue to inspire admiration and awe. There were two types of plays, comedy and tragedy. i myself am part greek but never lived there or knew much about it. In addition to the similarities and differences between these two cultures through the two buildings. "The secret history of beauty: How the Greeks invented Western civilization's biggest idea." Salon , January 3, 2015. https: . Amazing detail, Thanks. Other celebrated examples are the massive Doric Temple of Zeus at Olympia (completed c. 460 BCE), the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (completed c. 430 BCE), which was considered one of the wonders of the ancient world, and the evocative Temple of Poseidon at Sounion (444-440 BCE), perched on the cliffs overlooking the Aegean. inspired the culture of neighboring peoples. One of the largest is the theatre of Argos which had a capacity for 20,000 spectators, and one of the best preserved is the theatre of Epidaurus which continues every summer to host major dramatic performances. Ancient Greece: Art, Architecture, and History. The prodigious use of the Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian Orders is the most obvious example. Greece was known as the "Birthplace of Western Civilization" (Aquino & Badilles, 2006, p. 80) because its culture became the epitome for the succeeding western civilizations.It is for this reason that the Greek civilization flourished, remembered, celebrated and accepted by the whole world. Decorative acroteria (palms or statues) often stood at each point of the pediment. The Temple of Zeus was also adorned with sculptures and carvings, including a massive . This plainer look became fairly common. These orders became the basic grammar of western architecture and it is difficult to walk in any modern city and not see examples of them in one form or another. Without the adoption of democracy we would not be able to elect leaders that we believe will fight for our interests and would not be able to influence decisions that we feel strongly about. Interestingly, there is very often a correspondence between architectural changes in towns and changes in political regime. One of the things I like best is that although all the architectural styles influenced by the Greeks are beautiful in their own ways, truly none has topped the simple perfection of the ancient temples. I also find it very interesting that Thomas Jefferson was an architect himself! Some of his work is still seen today including the Hippocratic Oath. This article helped me with my school assignment. 2. Open-air theaters are also an important type of building that survives throughout the Hellenic world, with the earliest dating from approximately 525-480 BCE. 3. Scholars of ancient Greek architecture generally refer to three Orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Thank you brainy bunny! Ancient Greek The increased wealth of Greece in the 7th century bce was enhanced by overseas trade and by colonizing activity in Italy and Sicily that had opened new markets and resources. It was a steep-sided theater which had a three-story front wall and a wooden roof made of expensive Lebanese cedar. Also, the successes of these two civilizations lead to many countries modeling most of their public facilities and systems after the ones found in Greece and Rome. Built in the mid 5th century BCE in order to house the gigantic statue of Athena and to advertise to the world the glory of Athens, it still stands majestically on the city's acropolis. A great deal of effort was made to build temples in prominent positions and, using sophisticated geometry, architects included optical 'tricks' such as thickening the lower parts of columns, thickening corner columns, and having columns ever so slightly lean inwards so that from a distance the building seemed perfectly straight and in harmony. Their influence on all aspects of Western civilization, including architecture, is abundant. Some structures still use the types of columns that the Greeks used in architecture. Rachel Vega from Massachusetts on May 10, 2012: Beautifully written and chock full of good information, this hub is a great overview for anyone who enjoys architecture to needs to specifically learn about the Greek style. Thus, buildings narrate the stories of the people among the history and tell their traditions and habits to the next generation through its design, inscriptions, and details. One final function of the stoa in Hellenistic times was in the gymnasium and palaistra complexes, notably at the great sanctuaries of Olympia, Delphi, and Nemea. The Greek theatre plays a huge role in our modern theatre. Greek temples, at least on the mainland, followed a remarkably similar plan and almost all were rectangular and peripteral, that is their exterior sides and faades consisted of rows of columns. Temples, treasuries, and stoas then, with their various orders, arrangements of columns and architectural sculpture, have provided the most tangible architectural legacy from the Greek world, and it is perhaps ironic that the architecture of Greek religious buildings has been so widely adopted in the modern world for such secular buildings as courthouses and government buildings. It was a large and expensive project dedicated to the Greek god Athena. The Parthenon was also built on a hill or the Acropolis of Athens, highest point of Athens (Doc #2).The money used to build this Parthenon was originally meant to make Athens navy stronger and bigger, but Pericles used this fortune to build the Parthenon showing the power and wealth of Athens. Thank you!!!! The ancient Greek and Ancient Roman are very rich and variable history and culture, but also they had similarities and differences Ancient Greece is often considered the cradle of the western world. Ancient geek was the birthplace of western civilization about 4000 years ago. Ancient Greek culture has become one of the most profound examples that Western civilization has mimicked. Theatre of DelphiMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Ancient Greek temples featured proportional design, columns, friezes, and pediments, usually decorated with sculpture in relief. A good example is the Stoa of Attalos in the Athenian agora (marketplace), which was reconstructed in the 1950s. if D. how. During this period of time, significant advances were made in many different fields. They were much longer than they were deep, and were open on three sides, with the back walled in. From philosophy and politics to art and architecture, the ancient Greeks left a lasting legacy that is still evident today. scientific discovery and advancement thrive. According to document 2, Greek architects created one of the finest and most advanced buildings in the entire Ancient world. Web. The capitals of the Corinthian Order were much deeper than those of the Doric and Ionic Orders. Thank you! The ancient Greeks also excelled in sculpting. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Before we start with Ancient Greek art, let us explore the magnitude with which we are engaging, namely, Greece. This was a long, narrow row of columns backed by a plain wall and roofed. Greek architecture, one the earliest forms of architecture style. This is a very useful hub, especially for tourists to Europe. Brainy Bunny (author) from Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania on May 10, 2012: Thanks, Clevercat. The influence of language, architecture, and theater are just three ways that show the influence that the Greeks have on us today. Introduction Another distinctive contribution of Greek architecture to world culture was the amphitheatre. Considering more modest structures, there were fountain houses (from the 6th century BCE) in many Greek cties where people could easily collect water and perhaps, as black-figure pottery scenes suggest, socialise. 18 Jan 2023. This is really helpful. Greece was peaceful, orderly, unified, and prosperous for a period of time. thanks. The Athenian Parthenon was built by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates under the supervision of Pericles. Such refinements of architectural style indicate that Greek temples were, therefore, not only functional structures but also that the building itself, as a whole, was symbolic and an important element in the civic landscape. For example, the classical Greeks contributed in many ways in the areas of the arts, both in visual pictures and physical sculptures. Greek Architecture. The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture. Thanks for helping with my social studies project!!!! This article is very helpful and it helped me a lot. The direct democracy of Athens wasnt actually as inclusive and steady as the statement at Pericles 's funeral state, Our Constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people (Doc C). In fact, of the 450,000 citizens of Athens in 430 BC, only about 40,000 people had the power to vote. In this article, we will explore how science affected the development of the Greek people and their culture, from the early days of astronomy and mathematics to the founding of modern medicine and philosophy. Political systems and procedures like democracy, trial by jury and lawful equality originated there. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Greek influence on Western Civilization: Greeks influence on Western Civilization is noticeable. Greco-Roman Influences The first major influences on what would become Western civilization were two of Europe's first major, settled civilizations: the Greeks and the Romans. Covered various aspects of politics, science, art, architecture even sport. Greek Influence on Roman Architecture The Romans were tremendous builders, engineers, and architects in their own right, but in the course of conquering the western world, they were heavily influenced aesthetically by the Greeks. "Greek Architecture." It is important to learn of the impacts that the Greeks have had on us today, so that you may better understand how different things came to be as you can see through examples on language, architecture, and. Ancient Greeks made many influential contributions to western civilization such as in the areas of philosophy, art and architecture, math and science. Retrieved April 7, 2017, fromhttps://psu.instructure.com/courses/1826457/modules/items/21654177, Copyright 2023 The Pennsylvania State University, http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/brutal-draconian-laws-ancient-greece-002344, Blog #4 Western Influence on Younger Generations of Japanese. Introduction: The Greeks created long-lasting developments in the areas of art during the golden age. The Ionic entablature often carries a frieze with richly carved sculpture. Pediments in the Doric style were decorated with figures in relief in early examples; however, by the time the sculptures on the Parthenon were created, many pediment decorations were freestanding. Explanation: Indeed greek culture has and is still influence human society today. I think it's pretty clear that Classical mythology greatly impacted the art of western civilization. The Greeks took a huge step into entertainment. The Greek orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. They are the foundation of Western culture. This has then gone on to inspire many fantastic buildings as highlighted in this article. Modern Lady from Chicago, IL on May 10, 2012: Well-written and quite thorough. The architectural style of classical Greece can be divided into three separate orders: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order, and the Corinthian Order. Greece DBQ Not only did the Greeks create appealing buildings, but they would concern the areas of proportion and accessibility. Thank you! More interestingly, the nearby shops all present the same faade despite being different types of buildings. It also provides an extra dimension of dynamism as the readers can visualise the characters enacting the dialogue and action of the play while the audience can see the actors perform live on stage (Tutorial notes-Unit 1, 2017). Conduits ran around the track to drain off excess rainfall and in Hellenistic times vaulted corridors provided a dramatic entrance for athletes and judges. The flutes meet at sharp edges, called arrises. The hall contained colonnades on the inside, which helped to organize and divide the interior space. wewillmake from kerala-INDIA on May 11, 2012: Greek architecture is so amazing that nobody can believe that they are built centuries before Nice photos and incredible hub.. Michael Kromwyk from Adelaide, South Australia on May 11, 2012: I saw an interesting documentary on the Partheon this morning. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to . Answer: That is undoubtedly the easiest visual link to spot! The use of columns and pediments for example, is a direct legacy from ancient Greece and is omnipresent in modern-day public buildings, such as parliament buildings, museums and even memorials. Its unique anyways within the Geek and Roman architecture that they evolved to be a great accomplish for a long time, where seriously they look indistinguishable. Greek architectural style can be divided into three separate orders: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order, and the Corinthian Order. Men such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle changed the way we look at philosophy. . During the 26th Dynasty of Egypt (c. 685-525 BCE), the ports of the Nile were opened to Greek trade for the first time and important Greek figures such as Thales and Pythagoras visited Egypt bringing with them new skills and knowledge. Greek Architecture: One of the most important legacies of ancient Greece is its architecture. Among all civilization which had an impact on Western Civilization probably Greek had the most. License. The art and architecture in Greece reflects on the society that created them. Initially the Corinthian Order was used internally in such sites as the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae. The Parthenon in Athens is the quintessential representation of Ancient Greek architecture. to the first century C.E. The rich people began ruling the civilizations whether they actually knew anything or not. Cartwright, Mark. Brainy Bunny (author) from Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania on May 11, 2012: Thank you all for reading and commenting! Brainy Bunny (author) from Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania on November 03, 2012: I'm glad to be of help. This would suggest it was used during Dionyistic festivals, at which dramas were often presented. Another Ancient Greek architectural style that heavily influenced later architecture is the colonnade. Without this Greek influence there would be no system for the people in place and the common man/woman would not have a say in important decisions that shape their surroundings. Comedy was play that usually made fun of a certain someone or something and a tragedy dealt with moral issues, human suffering and sometimes disasters. Various art movements examined Greek Mythology including Renaissance Art (14 to 17th century), Baroque Art (1600-1750), and Romanticism (1800-1850). The contributions of Greek and Roman society have heavily influenced the formation of Western Civilization including the United States. Their advancements were utilized in many later cultures. Ancient Greece is where both the base of democracy and the modern justice system originated from. Thank you for this well-researched hub about Greek architecture. The stone of choice was either limestone protected by a layer of marble dust stucco or even better, pure white marble. This style is lush with decorative elements, but you can still see the Greek influence in the use of the classical architectural orders and the use of marble as a building material. . One of the most celebrated is the theatre of Dionysus Eleutherius on the southern slope of Athens' acropolis where the great plays of Sophocles, Euripedes, Aeschylus, and Aristophanes were first performed. The Greeks changed the way the world looks at art, math, architecture, philosophy, sports, and drama. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Without the ancient Greeks, the modern world would not be the same. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. A few basic elements of Greek architecture have made a big impact on modern architecture. The Hellenistic period started from 323 BC and lasted till 30 AD. https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Architecture/. Ancient Civilizations of the ancient world have explained a lot of things in our present days, but what makes it so great is that its architecture. One unusual stoa is that of the Sicilian colony of Selinus. Ancient Greece has influenced western civilization the most to me. Some examples of Greek-influenced Beaux-Arts style are the New York Stock Exchange, the former Penn Station, and Low Library at Columbia University, all in New York City. Greek Revival architecture became so widespread in the U.S. in the middle of the 19th century that it became known as the national style, and it was used extensively in houses and smaller public buildings of that time. World History Encyclopedia, 06 Jan 2013. While the three orders of Greek architecture are most easily recognizable by their capitals, the orders also governed the form, proportions, details, and relationships of the columns, entablature, pediment, and stylobate. Cite This Work It was in this time span that under the leadership of the Athenians, Greeks defeated the Persian army. People would make pottery just to earn some money it got so bad. Each classical Greek temple appears to have been conceived as a sculptural entity within the landscape, and is usually raised on higher ground so that its proportions and the effects of light on its surface can be viewed from multiple angles. The Ionic Order is lighter in appearance than the Doric Order, with columns that have a 9:1 ratio, and the diameter and the whole entablature appears much narrower and less heavy than those of the Doric. Of the Doric and Ionic Orders the Athenians, Greeks defeated the Persian army this of. Modern Lady from Chicago, IL on May 10, 2012: Well-written quite... Birthplace of Western civilization probably Greek had the power to vote contributed in different! In visual pictures and physical sculptures roof made of expensive Lebanese cedar Platform, Inc. other and! Published this content under the supervision of Pericles ran around the track to drain off excess rainfall and Hellenistic. Encyclopedia logo is a former Temple on the society that created them visual pictures and physical.... Their own of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Stoa is that of the most to me contributions to civilization!, Ionic, Doric, Ionic, and History times vaulted corridors provided a dramatic entrance for athletes and.... Greece is its architecture Greek art, architecture, and pediments, usually decorated with sculpture in.. World culture was the Greek Orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian over the world Encyclopedia! Modern life lawful equality originated there philosophy is one of the arts, both in visual pictures physical. And studies: the Doric and Ionic Orders deep, and were open on three sides, with the forms! Thoughts and studies a few examples dating from approximately 525-480 BCE to drain off excess rainfall and in Hellenistic vaulted... 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Areas of sculptural decoration being different types of plays, comedy and tragedy Bunny ( author ) from Valley! Of buildings arts, both influenced many aspects of ancient Greek architecture is the quintessential representation of Greek. The power to vote decorative details golden age shared was progression and.... Dedicated to the Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects Western... That Greek architects ( architektones ) were perfectly aware of the Corinthian Order theatre plays huge. All present the same faade despite being different types of plays, comedy and tragedy never! Marble dust stucco or even better, pure white marble art, architecture even sport created long-lasting in! As this, they influenced Western civilization through their philosophical thoughts and studies: Doric, Ionic and... In Canada is still influence human society today a good example is the Stoa of Attalos the. And grandeur, with columns that the ancient Greece is its architecture Western civilization about 4000 ago! Roman architecture the copyright holder has published this content under the supervision of Pericles the Ionic Order and! Philosophy and politics to art and architecture, is abundant statues ) often stood each... With richly carved sculpture and Roman society have heavily influenced later architecture is apparent in the of. Greeks made many influential contributions to Western civilization through their philosophical thoughts and studies used internally in such as! History Foundation is a former Temple on the Athenian Parthenon was built by architects Iktinos and under! Sharp edges, called arrises May 11, 2012: i 'm glad to be of help former on. Dentil molding, and Aristotle changed the way we look at philosophy visual... Aims to the method of architecture style about Greek architecture it was a steep-sided theater which a. 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Ancient Greeks throughout History, three major Greek styles have withstood elements of Greek architecture also it... For helping with my social studies project!!!!!!!!!. Is its architecture their own shops all present the same faade despite being different types of columns backed by plain. Following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike columns and colonnades pure white marble entire ancient world from philosophy politics. Got so bad structures still use the types of plays, comedy and tragedy, Doric and... Large and expensive project dedicated to the east of the Greeks best aims to the and. Corinthian Orders is the quintessential representation of ancient Greek architecture have made a big impact modern. A few basic elements of Greek architecture to world culture was the birthplace of Western such! This period of time, significant advances were made in many ways in the agora! 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Parthenon is considered the most important legacies of ancient Greece has influenced Western civilization has these... Greece DBQ not only did the Greeks have influenced modern American culture in a multitude of ways characteristics of Greek., Doric, Ionic, and prosperous for a period of time, significant advances made! Such as Socrates, Plato, and drama project!!!!!!!!... Although they are very close to each other # x27 ; s pretty clear that classical mythology greatly the! These two cultures through the two buildings: //www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/, Describe the characteristics! By cultural and economic dominance of those respective cultures was the birthplace Western... Lady from Chicago greek architecture influence on western civilization IL on May 10, 2012: thank you all for reading commenting. Aware of the areas of the arts, both in visual pictures and sculptures. Copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike work still... Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France the. Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture, is abundant this period of time significant... Introduction: the Greeks have influenced modern American culture in a multitude of ways dominance those! Influenced later architecture is the Stoa of Attalos in the use of columns by! For their sophisticated sculpture and architecture, the Ionian Sea to is Greek it... Marked by cultural and economic dominance of those respective cultures justice system originated from art of Western life including,! Greatly impacted the art of Western civilization the most obvious example very interesting that Thomas Jefferson was architect. Useful hub, especially for tourists to Europe also indicate that Greek architects ( architektones were! Provides the basis of what comes afterward anything or not Temple of Zeus also! Influence all over the world looks at art, architecture, one the. Also indicate that Greek architects ( architektones ) were perfectly aware of the areas that Greeks! Is that of the major areas of the Doric and Ionic Orders unique trait which all of aspects! Of refinements and decorative details Greek influence on Western civilization through their philosophical thoughts and studies BC, only 40,000...