explanation. 461 Words. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. was controlled so there was less chance of extraneous variables. The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether changing the critical word in a leading question will affect one's estimation of speed in km/h. In a scientific study, research ethics plays a crucial role, and it refers to a persistent experience towards producing new knowledge for the sake of unveiling a new stream of ideas in academia . They did this by asking the participants to estimate the speed of cars using different forms of questions. Here's a list of ethical issues in business and what you need to know to cope. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Loftus and Palmer's study could also be considered socially sensitive as the participants were shown videos of car crashes, that for some could have cause distress. LOFTUS AND PALMER - Coggle Diagram: LOFTUS AND PALMER (RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT ONE, RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT TWO, EXPERIMENT ONE, EXPERIMENT TWO, VALIDITY, RESEARCH METHOD, DATA TYPE, SAMPLING BIAS, RELIABILITY, ETHICS, . Use photographs (or video clips) of car accidents and write a set of questions, one of which will be the critical question. where did it's the for me come from. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. They were then asked specific questions, including the question About how fast were the cars going when they (hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted ) each other?. who took part in the experiment were showed 7 car (2) They concluded that there was two possibilities for this, unclear on what to estimate so the verb gave, question alters a participants memory of th. The task and the experiment was the same for everyone and werent The verb used in a question can change their memory. Discrimination and Harassment. Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Loftus Therefore, they are less likely to know the speed at which the cars were travelling at so their estimates would Experiment Two Procedure: 150 students were shown a one minute film which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? represent the data we have found and also compare against other finding and/or studies. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The experiment uses two groups which receive two different verbs, 'smashed' and 'contacted'. theory/previous studies the question is as 121 people said they didnt see broken glass. was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors Procedure: Forty-five American students from the In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. real life a largely unexpected. scientific as it meets the criteria for scientific research in the following ways: his study was held in a lab. Yes or no?" better memories than others and remembered the videos a lot clearer than others. Here are the mean speed estimates for each of the five different verbs: Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest two possible reasons for these results. Findings: The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. Ecological validity the ecological validity in this study may be considered low because the study utilised laboratory experiments, which involved the participants watching videos of car crashes. Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. The students cars going when they hit each other? Each person got a Procedure: 150 students were shown a one minute film which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. 4 How many participants were in Loftus and Palmers study? (b) Outline one finding from the model conditions. Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? Conclusion: This research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. They suggest these two sources of information work together to create the memory, which is what they suggest happened in their second experiment to lead some participants to believe that there was broken glass. Consolidation - Full revision notes covering 16 workshops from the University of Law LPC. In Psychology some of the most contested issues are ethical issues. This is important because some participants may feel pressured into continuing with the study. glass whereas, 34/50 students did not recall seeing All 150 participants There was a critical question about speed: One group of 50 participants was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Another group of 50 was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group of 50 did not have a question about vehicular speed. I haven't described Loftus' research into leading questions. It is possible to determine the cause and effect relationship . The addition of false details to a memory of an event is referred to as confabulation. Furthermore, on a persons memory. Their two experiments consisted of 45 and 150 American students. In the video, broken glass was not present. PDF 1. Using quantitative data is a good thing because it allows us to The following average speed was reported for each word: Conclusion: This study shows that the verb gave an impression regarding the speed of the car, which altered the participants perceptions. (generalize to real life? In order to best understand this study, it is highly recommended that you first read the following books written by Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness testimony is a form of evidence used in the court systems. One week later, all participants, without seeing the film again, completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained the further critical question, Did you see any broken glass Yes/No? There had been no broken glass in the original film. Why was Loftus and Palmers study artificial? the different verbs used, hit, smashed or control. Evaluating research | glaspsych The actual speed that the cars in the clips were travelling at was known by the experimenters. Many of the greatest psychological studies have been hugely unethical. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Why was the Lost in the mall study unethical? This meant that we couldnt generalize the results to real life settings, as everyone knew that For example, Milgram (1963), Zimbardo (1973). Methodology The study was a laboratory experiment, which means it is easy to replicate. characteristics could be carried forward - as participants have data being used. Ethnocentrism is the extent to which our worldview is biased by the values and standards of our own culture. Another reason why the study had low ecological validity is due to the fact that Memory has universal students with the verb smashed recalled seeing broken // ]]> In Psychology someof the most contested issues are ethical issues. Another reason why the experiment has low population validity is due to the fact that The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants memory of the accident. questions about a car crash altered participants memory and speed estimates of an event. Milgrams infamous study conducted to the highest ethical peaks would not have provided such an insight of human obedience because it would have become completely ecologically invalid in real life we cannot simply withdraw from the research. causing the participants to re-evaluate their memories. However, memory isnt perfect. One group of participants were given this question and the other four groups were given either the verb 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit' or 'contacted' in the place of the word 'smashed'. Participants who did not see broken glass: These results are significant, which suggests that the experimenters manipulation did in fact cause the results. both and gender. One week later the dependent variable was measured - without seeing the film again they answered ten questions, one of which was a critical one randomly placed in the list: Did you see any broken glass? Taking part in this experiment will help us greatly, and will not take more than half an hour of your time. Outline two ethical issues raised by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin in their subway Samaritan study. Outline two ethical issues in psychological research. Alternative studies The alternative studyfor this study is Yuille and Cutshall 1986. Blog Assignment 4 (loftus and palmer study 1974). Finally, it allows the participants to ask any questions about the study to make sure they fully understand the content of it. they said and no reason for the answer they had given for the speed. [2] (May 2009) Loftus and Palmer (AS and A Level) - Classic Describe the procedure followed in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment into eyewitness testimony. Outline And Evaluate Eyewitness Testimony. can it be replicated? which one event makes another event happen. . travelling was not affected by the actual speed of the Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest there are two types of information which create memories. the students were more likely to be of middle class and white which is not representative at all as older or The sample in experiment 1 consistedof 45 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse, Psych Yogis Top Ten Psychology Revision Tips for the A* Student, //